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The current dissertation discusses the opportunities and challenges of cross-cultural research on children’s executive functions (EF). A systematic review was conducted to gain a nuanced understanding of similarities and distinctions across countries in children’s EF development. Previous studies indicate that young children from East Asia outperform counterparts from Europe and North America on EF tasks. This dissertation focuses specifically on EF performance of children from Hong Kong and Germany across early and middle childhood and examines if the previously reported East Asian advantage is also manifest in comparisons between children from these two contexts. Measurement invariance of direct assessment EF tasks across preschoolers from Hong Kong and Germany was tested. The findings suggest that EF measurement at preschool age is likely equivalent across the two contexts. Further, EF performance levels of primary school children from Hong Kong and Germany were contrasted. Contrary to the hypothesis and previous research, the results show no significant differences in EF performance between the children from the two contexts, suggesting that features specific to Hong Kong and Germany underlie this finding. In sum, the results provide evidence supporting the relevance of taking the cultural context into account when assessing EF across early and middle childhood.
Stream processing is a popular paradigm to process huge amounts of unbounded data, which has gained significant attention in both academia and industry. Typical stream processing applications such as stock trading and network traffic monitoring require continuously analyzed results provided to end-users.
During processing, the characteristics of data streams such as volume or velocity can vary, e.g., peak load or bursty streams can occur at certain points.
In order to cope with such situations, it requires the analytical systems to be able to adapt the execution of stream processing as quickly as possible.
In literature, different approaches adapting data stream processing such as load-shedding and elastic parallelization do exist. However, each of them have their different shortcomings like skewed results (due to the dropped data) or strong limits on the adaptation due to the parallelization overhead. One specific challenge motivating us is to minimize the impact of runtime adaptation on the overall data processing, in particular for real-time data analytics. Moreover, while the need to create adaptive stream processing systems is well known, there is currently no systematic and broad analysis of the solution range of creating adaptation mechanisms for stream processing applications.
In this dissertation, we focus on algorithm switching as a fundamental approach to the construction of adaptive stream processing systems. Algorithm switching is a form of adaptation, where stream processing algorithms, with fundamentally similar input-/output-characteristics but different runtime tradeoffs like resource consumption or precision, are replaced to optimize the processing. As our overall goal, we present a general algorithm switching framework that models a wide range of switching solutions (called switch variants) in a systematic and reusable manner as well as characterizes the switch variants with their quality guarantees.
Concretely, we focus on developing a general model of algorithm switching to systematically capture possible variants of different switching behavior. We also present a theoretical specification to predict the timeliness-related qualities for the switch variants. Moreover, from the practical perspective, we also develop a component-based design to ease the realization effort of the algorithm switching variants. Finally, we provide a validation of the algorithm switching framework against the realized switch variants.
This bibliographical guide gives a comprehensive overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language through an extensive and thematically organized collection of relevant literature. Comprising over one thousand entries, the bibliography shows not only how extensive and complex the Japanese tradition of philosophical and intellectual historiography is, but also how it might be structured and analyzed to make it accessible to a comparative and intercultural approach to the historiography of philosophy worldwide. The literature is categorized and organized according to thematic focus areas such as geographical regions and continents, nations or peoples, religious traditions and philosophical teachings such as Buddhism, Islam, Shintō, and Confucianism, as well as disciplines such as ethics, aesthetics, and political thought. The bibliography is accompanied by an introduction outlining the research method as well as quantitative and qualitative approaches to analyzing the material, followed by a chronological overview of the historiography of philosophy and thought in the Japanese language and of the Japanese tradition of writing “world histories of philosophy.” As a first step towards a “history of the historiography of philosophy” in non-European languages, we hope that this guide will provide a useful tool for interculturally oriented scholarship aimed at a non-Eurocentric and diversified historiography of philosophy in a global perspective.
Adopting a demand-oriented perspective helps librarians to understand their users better. Involving them in ongoing changes has the potential to have a lasting positive effect on the satisfaction of existing users and the recruitment of new ones. Three case-studies, which involved creating new learning spaces at the University Library of Hildesheim lead to the understanding that librarians need to employ attitudinal and behavioural research techniques to reach that goal because users – as it turns out – often do not really know what they need until they get a chance to try it.
Case Factories: A Maintenance Cockpit for distributed structural Case-Based Reasoning Systems
(2019)
In this thesis a novel approach for maintenance of distributed structural Case-based Reasoning (CBR) systems is presented. The so-called maintenance cockpit is an agent based work-flow that considers dependencies between knowledge items such as attributes, attribute values, and cases in CBR systems. Using these dependencies, the maintenance cockpit generates a maintenance plan with the required maintenance actions. During this thesis, dependencies and maintenance actions in the context of the novel approach are introduced and defined, the concept for the agent-based workflow is described, and the roles and agents as well as the interaction and communication between them are presented. In addition to the maintenance cockpit another novel approach for knowledge acquisition from textual sources is presented. The approach was developed during the OMAHA research project. The resulting framework FEATURE-TAK (Framework for Extraction, Analysis, and Transformation of UnstructeREd Textual Aircraft Knowledge) acquires knowledge from free texts containing fault descriptions in the aviation domain. These texts are analyzed, relevant knowledge is extracted, transformed, and added to the knowledge containers of a structural CBR system. In this thesis, the basic idea and the work-flow with the individual steps of FEATURE-TAK are described and the cooperation with the maintenance cockpit is presented.
Live Art Data
(2021)
This White Paper is the result of a cross-institutional collaboration between Scottish and German researchers, artists, and programmers. The volume brings together historical, theoretical, and digital research into archival practices of storing and dealing with »Live Art Data« in a comparative approach that encompasses both historical and contemporary practices. It is interested in data that is produced in theatres and other cultural venues, in theatre pedagogical projects, by performing artists, and their audiences. From an interdisciplinary perspective, the White Paper looks at archival configurations and relations of performative data in teaching and information infrastructures today, focusing on four aspects: historiography, theory, digitalization, and the international dimension.
Soil organic carbon (SOC) is the largest terrestrial carbon pool, holding a manifold of atmospheric carbon. The agricultural management of soils exerts a strong influence on this pool and thereby also on carbon fluxes between biosphere and atmosphere. Historically, land-use changes have caused large CO2 emissions from soils, which significantly contributed to global warming. The latter is expected to cause strong fluxes of CO2 from soils, due to enhanced microbial activity – the climate-carbon cycle feedback loop. This cumulative habilitation thesis focuses on the two major anthropogenic impacts on soil organic carbon as the largest terrestrial carbon pool: land use and global warming due to greenhouse gas emissions. Both have been steadily increasing with the expansion of human population and activity on the planet and are thus considered specific for the ‘Anthropocene’ as a synonym for the period in world history in which human activity leaves irreversible traces. Due to the importance of SOC and its management for climate change, but also for soil fertility and ecosystem resilience, it is crucial to understand i) which management options can maintain and increase SOC, ii) what are the mechanisms leading to SOC losses and stabilization, iii) how shall global net primary production (NPP) as a resource be used in a climate-smart and sustainable way, iv) how will global warming affect SOC dynamics. Together with several methodological aspects related to measuring, calculating and modelling SOC, the research presented in this thesis focuses on those four key questions.
The present dissertation aims to investigate preferences for health gains in terms of a quality-adjusted life year (QALY) for a mental disorder from a demand-sided perspective. As depressive disorders are estimated to be the leading cause of global burden of disease in 2030, the value placed on a QALY for depressive disorders was assessed.
In Study I, a representative sample of the German general public was asked to indicate their willingness to pay for a variety of health gain scenarios, allowing comparison between the value placed on QALY gains for a depressive disorder and a heart disease. Results show that QALY gains regarding cardiovascular health were valued significantly higher.
In Study II, willingness to pay for one treatment method for depressive disorders, electroconvulsive therapy (ECT), was assessed in detail, investigating the effects of individual characteristics (e.g., income, educational level and prior knowledge about ECT). Results indicate that willingness to pay and knowledge about ECT were particularly low in the German general public.
Study III aimed to compare preferences regarding mental health gains elicited from the general public to those of actual patients with a diagnosed depressive disorder. Although non-patients and patient respondents did not differ in their probability of indicating a positive willingness to pay, patient respondents valued the offered health gains regarding depressive disorders significantly higher than respondents from the general public.
The combined evaluation of the results supports previous findings that the value indicated for QALY gains seems to depend on a variety of factors, such as the presented illness-type, individual characteristics of the respondents and characteristics of the sample. The estimation of a uniform price threshold for a QALY might therefore not be empirically attainable.
For more than 50 years now, the Emotional Oddball Paradigm (EOP) has been employed to investigate how the human brain reacts to sudden changes in the emotionality of environmental stimuli. In the EOP, a sequence of one class of stimuli (standards) is sometimes interrupted by less frequent stimuli of a different class (deviants). Some or all of these stimuli are emotional. Many different processes, behaviors, and populations have been the subjects of EOP research.
In part one, this doctoral thesis aims to both provide an overview of existing literature in order to classify variants of the EOP, and to integrate EEG, fMRI, and behavioral results, including results from memory experiments (with a special emphasis on emotion-induced anterograde and retrograde memory effects). In the second part, results of four memory experiments with words as stimuli are reported as well as one replication attempt with pictorial stimulus material. While the results with regard to written verbal material were rather inconclusive, significant amnesic retrograde effects were found with pictorial stimuli, if negative deviants were presented. Throughout all experiments, however, memory performances for standards neighboring positive deviants were unaffected. Results are discussed in the light of existing literature and advice for future directions is given.
This paper summarizes the research agenda and work in progress in the project “The Humanities in Virtual Reality (HumaniVR)”. It discusses how disciplines such as linguistics, sociology and anthropology can benefit from research on Virtual Reality (VR) as a new space of social interaction, communication, and culture, particularly concerning its role as a new social medium of growing importance (Social VR). It summarizes the first research results of the experimental work in HumaniVR, and future directions.
