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From Safety Net to Point of No Return—Are Small-Scale Inland Fisheries Reaching Their Limits?
(2020)
Small-scale inland fisheries (SSIF) are a livelihood opportunity for millions of people in developing countries. Understanding the economic, ecological, political and social impacts fishers are coping with can clarify weaknesses and challenges in the fishery management. Using the SSIF at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, as an example, we analyzed the development and fishers’ perception of, and adaptation strategies to, change. We surveyed fish catches to assess the state of fish stocks and conducted interviews to understand fishers’ livelihood, problems, behavior and attitudes. Our results show that the fishery sector of Lake Alaotra has grown dramatically although fish catches have fallen sharply. Changes in species composition and low reproduction rates reflect the fishing pressure. A point of no return seems near, as decreasing agricultural yields force farmers to enter the fishery sector as a form of livelihood diversification. Lake Alaotra reflects an alarming trend which can already be seen in many regions of the world and may affect a growing number in the near future. The Alaotran fisheries demonstrate that SSIF’s ability to provide livelihood alternatives under conditions of insecurity will become increasingly important. It further highlights that the identification of ongoing livelihood dynamics in order to disclose possible poverty trap mechanisms and to understand fisheries’ current function is essential for sustainable management.
In this study, kinematic and kinetic measurements were combined to assess the effects of removing the stiff shaft from a ski boot. It was hypothesized that joint flexion at the ankle, knee and hip increase and reduce joint loading specifically at the knee. A previously developed force sensor was combined with a high-speed camera system for data collection of 6 degrees of freedom ground reaction forces and three-dimensional marker data in the field on a wave slope. The collected data were used as input to a musculoskeletal model for the estimation of joint kinematics and joint moments and contact forces in the ankle and knee. The force sensor, which was previously used for skiing, had experienced wear and tear and was thus prone to breakage. As a result, joint loading could only be analyzed for two skiers. These two skiers did not use the added range of ankle flexion to its full extent, but showed substantial reductions in joint moments and joint contact forces (e.g. knee compression force from 85 to 57 N/kg). Only one of the five experienced skiers tested was able to adopt the anticipated movement pattern by substantially increased maximum ankle joint flexion angle (from 10° to 37°) and knee joint flexion angle (from 93° to 105°) and the respective ranges of motion when skiing through a wave course. The study provides information on possible individual adaptations to ski boot modifications. The mechanical construction of the force sensor will need to be modified to withstand the high forces expected during freestyle skiing. The study also supports the future use of this measurement setup for comprehensive studies in snow sports, provided that a sufficient training period is given.
A systematic review was conducted to gain a more nuanced understanding of similarities and distinctions across countries in the development of executive functions (EF). The review includes 26 studies, with child and adolescent participants, that were published between 2006 and 2018. Both similarities and differences within developmental patterns of EF are identified across different countries. Across countries, bilingual children are shown to outperform their monolingual peers. Task improvement with age is not consistently reported in all studies, with no linear effects apparent in children from developing countries or regions. Gender differences on EF measures also vary between countries. Girls perform better than boys on EF tasks and parent and teacher ratings of EF in both Western and East Asian samples. Yet, in Iran and Tanzania, boys receive higher EF scores. From preschool age through adolescence, East Asians outperform Western counterparts on direct assessment measures of EF. However, strong discrepancies can be found between measures of direct EF assessment and parent and teacher ratings of children's EF. Chinese parents rate their children's EF as lower compared with parents from other countries. The role of contextual factors explaining differences in EF development is discussed.
Misconduct in prison is a phenomenon, which by its nature is hard to observe. Little is known about its origins and its modifiability. This study presents data on the level of misconduct in prison perceived by staff members and examines its impact on occupational factors. Data from officers, which also included i.e. team climate, job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and sick days, was collected at three different correctional units in Berlin, Germany (N = 60). The study reveals higher rates of perceived misconduct in prison on regular units as compared to treatment units within the observed facilities. In addition, regression analysis provides evidence for an association of rates of misconduct in prison, sick days, and low self-efficacy. Results are discussed in terms of providing a model that supports the idea of a network entailing occupational factors and misconduct in prison and which can be utilized to target misconduct in prison with suitable interventions.
Incorporating measures of prison behavior into risk assessment and management procedures may assist in treatment planning, risk monitoring, and decision-making. A behavior rating scale was used to assess prison officers’ observations on externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behavior in a sample of 277 sexual and violent offenders in correctional treatment in Berlin, Germany. The present study employed latent profile analysis to identify inmate subtypes with similar behavioral patterns. Results indicated a solution with five latent profiles that showed similarities with previous inmate typologies. The subtypes were termed “Aggressive-Psychopathic,” “Asocial,” “Situational,” “Inconspicuous, and “Inadequate-Dependent.” Analyses attested to the construct and predictive validity of the subtypes and involved the examination of differences on criminological characteristics, risk assessment instruments, various types of prison misconduct, and postrelease recidivism. This person-centered study illustrates the importance of attending to broader patterns of inmate behavior. The structured assessment of behavioral observations by prison officers can be a valuable and easy-to-implement approach to benefit from this largely neglected resource.
This volume presents new approaches in Easy Language research from three different perspectives: text perspective, user perspective and translation perspective. It explores the field of comprehensibility-enhanced varieties at different levels (Easy Language, Plain Language, Easy Language Plus). While all are possible solutions to foster communicative inclusion of people with disabilities, they have varying impacts with regard to their comprehensibility and acceptability. The papers in this volume provide insights into the current scientific activities and results of two research teams at the Universities of Hildesheim and Mainz and present innovative theoretical and empirical perspectives on Easy Language research. The approaches comprise studies on the cognitive processing of Easy Language, on Easy Language in multimodal and multicodal texts and different situational settings as well as translatological considerations on Easy Language translation and interpreting.
Easy Language - Plain Language - Easy Language Plus. Balancing Comprehensibility and Acceptability
(2020)
This book shows how accessible communication, and especially
easy-to-understand languages, should be designed in order to become instruments of inclusion. It examines two well-established easy-to-understand varieties: Easy Language and Plain Language, and shows that they have complementary profiles with respect to four central qualities: comprehensibility, perceptibility, acceptability and stigmatisation potential. The book introduces Easy and Plain Language and provides an outline of their linguistic, sociological and legal profiles: What is the current legal framework of Easy and Plain Language? What do the texts look like? Who are the users? Which other groups are involved in the production and use of Easy and Plain Language offers? Which qualities are a hazard to acceptability and, thus, enhance their stigmatisation potential? The book also proposes another easy-to-understand variety: Easy Language Plus. This variety balances the four qualities and is modelled in the present book.
Based on the indeterminate character of the sustainability concept, a procedural and discursive understanding of sustainability decision making and corresponding approaches for education for sustainability (EFS) is proposed. A set of criteria for teaching strategies to promote sustainability decision making, taking into account the demands of deliberative democracy theory, are presented. These criteria (such as reason, complexity management, critical thinking, etc.) are used to argue for an educational approach that involves the development, justification, and weighting of arguments in combination with an instructional tool called Target-Mat. According to a consequent process orientation, structures for arguing or defining sustainability are not given as authorized standards. Suggestions from previous social discourse are only introduced as controversial pairings—for example, different definitions of sustainability. Examples of student decision-making processes are given to demonstrate the potential of the approach to encourage student reflection and cooperative negotiation that engenders a successive deepening of their argumentation.
Over the past two decades, the Asante Akyem North District of Ghana has had limited peace and stability, which are preconditions for sustainable development due to protracted farmer-herder conflicts. This study provides an alternative perspective to the underlying causes of this resource conflict by arguing that mental constructions based on the formation of frames are the precursor, as contended by the framing theory. The study further investigated the psychosocial implications of the conflict on the well-being of the herders and farmers. The study also explored the resources that the actors employed to deal with the stressful event. Using a mixed-method but a qualitatively driven approach, the study used observation guide, interview guide, interview schedule, and focus group discussion guide for the data gathering. The findings highlighted that the conflict actors formed frames such as identity-relational, affective-intellectual, and compromise-win frames as the drivers of the conflict. The findings revealed that these frames and their attended hostile reactions between the actors, usually led to psychosocial problems. The study revealed that the actors adopted different coping strategies such as religion, voluntary migration, working harder, avoidance, and socio-cultural support to deal with the conflict. There is the need for a community-level education that emphasises constructive framing relationships between the transmigrant pastoralists and the host farming populace to ensure their peaceful coexistence and minimise conflict eruptions.
This study investigates Community Perception of the Roles of Civilian Joint Task Force, (CJTF) in Resisting Boko Haram ’s Culture of violence in Borno state. It explores the views of society on the activities and conduct of the members of the CJTF. The objectives of the study were to: examine the reasons of joining and the emergence of CJTF; assess the views of the people of Borno State on the role of CJTF in resisting Boko Haram‘s culture of violent change through combat support activities; explore the opinions of community members and stakeholders on the non-combat support operations of the CJTF; identify the effects of CJTF on restoring affected cultural heritage; and, evaluate the opinion of community members and stakeholders on the behaviour of members of the CJTF concerning cultural expectations in Borno State. The study is qualitative and adopts rapid ethnographic research design and qualitative data collection methods. Multistage sampling was used to ensure that the right persons with the required knowledge and experience were included in the study. Data for the study were thus generated through In-Depth Interviewing (IDI), Key Informant Interviewing (KII), and Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and all the data were logically connected in the analysis section to discern broad patterns. The findings of this study revealed that the rise of CJTF is multifactorial. The study revealed that the factors that precipitated the rise of CJTF vary with time, place, and situation. The key motivating factor were the widespread killings and destruction of property by the Boko Haram, and the counter-attacks and destruction by the military which also adversely affected several communities. The study revealed that within the CJTF, there are both persons with good and bad behaviour, though findings weighed in more on those with good behaviour. There is nevertheless fear amongst the people that the CJTF may become a nuisance when the insurgency is over if proper steps are not taken to sustain their livelihoods. The key recommendations for this study are: the institution of the CJTF is advised to have stricter entry modalities including consultation with community leaders, to ensure that the kind of people joining its ranks is reliable. It was also recommended that the government should consider putting more members of CJTF on remuneration as this will aid them in their daily needs and reduce the tendencies of them getting involved in inappropriate acts. Finally, the community can contribute to supporting families of fallen members of the CJTF to boost the confidence of those still active.
