10 Newest documents
From Safety Net to Point of No Return—Are Small-Scale Inland Fisheries Reaching Their Limits?
(2020)
Small-scale inland fisheries (SSIF) are a livelihood opportunity for millions of people in developing countries. Understanding the economic, ecological, political and social impacts fishers are coping with can clarify weaknesses and challenges in the fishery management. Using the SSIF at Lake Alaotra, Madagascar, as an example, we analyzed the development and fishers’ perception of, and adaptation strategies to, change. We surveyed fish catches to assess the state of fish stocks and conducted interviews to understand fishers’ livelihood, problems, behavior and attitudes. Our results show that the fishery sector of Lake Alaotra has grown dramatically although fish catches have fallen sharply. Changes in species composition and low reproduction rates reflect the fishing pressure. A point of no return seems near, as decreasing agricultural yields force farmers to enter the fishery sector as a form of livelihood diversification. Lake Alaotra reflects an alarming trend which can already be seen in many regions of the world and may affect a growing number in the near future. The Alaotran fisheries demonstrate that SSIF’s ability to provide livelihood alternatives under conditions of insecurity will become increasingly important. It further highlights that the identification of ongoing livelihood dynamics in order to disclose possible poverty trap mechanisms and to understand fisheries’ current function is essential for sustainable management.
In this study, kinematic and kinetic measurements were combined to assess the effects of removing the stiff shaft from a ski boot. It was hypothesized that joint flexion at the ankle, knee and hip increase and reduce joint loading specifically at the knee. A previously developed force sensor was combined with a high-speed camera system for data collection of 6 degrees of freedom ground reaction forces and three-dimensional marker data in the field on a wave slope. The collected data were used as input to a musculoskeletal model for the estimation of joint kinematics and joint moments and contact forces in the ankle and knee. The force sensor, which was previously used for skiing, had experienced wear and tear and was thus prone to breakage. As a result, joint loading could only be analyzed for two skiers. These two skiers did not use the added range of ankle flexion to its full extent, but showed substantial reductions in joint moments and joint contact forces (e.g. knee compression force from 85 to 57 N/kg). Only one of the five experienced skiers tested was able to adopt the anticipated movement pattern by substantially increased maximum ankle joint flexion angle (from 10° to 37°) and knee joint flexion angle (from 93° to 105°) and the respective ranges of motion when skiing through a wave course. The study provides information on possible individual adaptations to ski boot modifications. The mechanical construction of the force sensor will need to be modified to withstand the high forces expected during freestyle skiing. The study also supports the future use of this measurement setup for comprehensive studies in snow sports, provided that a sufficient training period is given.
A systematic review was conducted to gain a more nuanced understanding of similarities and distinctions across countries in the development of executive functions (EF). The review includes 26 studies, with child and adolescent participants, that were published between 2006 and 2018. Both similarities and differences within developmental patterns of EF are identified across different countries. Across countries, bilingual children are shown to outperform their monolingual peers. Task improvement with age is not consistently reported in all studies, with no linear effects apparent in children from developing countries or regions. Gender differences on EF measures also vary between countries. Girls perform better than boys on EF tasks and parent and teacher ratings of EF in both Western and East Asian samples. Yet, in Iran and Tanzania, boys receive higher EF scores. From preschool age through adolescence, East Asians outperform Western counterparts on direct assessment measures of EF. However, strong discrepancies can be found between measures of direct EF assessment and parent and teacher ratings of children's EF. Chinese parents rate their children's EF as lower compared with parents from other countries. The role of contextual factors explaining differences in EF development is discussed.
Die vorliegende Broschüre schafft eine Wissensgrundlage zum Thema Schutz vor Gewalt und Grenzverletzungen in organisationaler Perspektive und führt darüber hinaus an die Entwicklung und Implementierung von Schutzkonzepten in der stationären Altenpflege heran. Sie richtet sich an alle interessierten stationären Pflegeeinrichtungen und gibt als praktische Handreichung erste Anstöße für die Entwicklung eines Schutzkonzeptes in der jeweils eigenen Organisation.
Die Broschüre legt ein besonderes Augenmerk auf einen engen Praxisbezug. Sie geht über die Vermittlung von reinem Faktenwissen hinaus und trägt primär die praxisrelevanten Erfahrungen, Vorgehensweisen und Wünsche von Bewohner*innen, Pflegekräften, Leitungskräften und Angehörigen zusammen, um die erfassten „Stimmen“ als Ausgangspunkt für die praktische Anleitung zugänglich zu machen.
Misconduct in prison is a phenomenon, which by its nature is hard to observe. Little is known about its origins and its modifiability. This study presents data on the level of misconduct in prison perceived by staff members and examines its impact on occupational factors. Data from officers, which also included i.e. team climate, job satisfaction, self-efficacy, and sick days, was collected at three different correctional units in Berlin, Germany (N = 60). The study reveals higher rates of perceived misconduct in prison on regular units as compared to treatment units within the observed facilities. In addition, regression analysis provides evidence for an association of rates of misconduct in prison, sick days, and low self-efficacy. Results are discussed in terms of providing a model that supports the idea of a network entailing occupational factors and misconduct in prison and which can be utilized to target misconduct in prison with suitable interventions.
Incorporating measures of prison behavior into risk assessment and management procedures may assist in treatment planning, risk monitoring, and decision-making. A behavior rating scale was used to assess prison officers’ observations on externalizing, internalizing, and adaptive behavior in a sample of 277 sexual and violent offenders in correctional treatment in Berlin, Germany. The present study employed latent profile analysis to identify inmate subtypes with similar behavioral patterns. Results indicated a solution with five latent profiles that showed similarities with previous inmate typologies. The subtypes were termed “Aggressive-Psychopathic,” “Asocial,” “Situational,” “Inconspicuous, and “Inadequate-Dependent.” Analyses attested to the construct and predictive validity of the subtypes and involved the examination of differences on criminological characteristics, risk assessment instruments, various types of prison misconduct, and postrelease recidivism. This person-centered study illustrates the importance of attending to broader patterns of inmate behavior. The structured assessment of behavioral observations by prison officers can be a valuable and easy-to-implement approach to benefit from this largely neglected resource.
Sammlungen von Textdaten können oft als semi-strukturierte Daten beschrieben werden, die sich in strukturelle Einheiten segmentieren lassen, in denen Elemente eines impliziten Schemas erkannt und in ein strukturiertes Format überführt werden können. Für diese Erschließung wird eine Software vorgestellt, die Funktionen für indikatorbasierte Regeln sowie zur Konsistenzprüfung und Bereinigung (z. B. von Textdubletten) der entstehenden Korpusdaten anbietet. Die Ergebnisse können in acht Formate exportiert werden, womit die Software als Bindeglied zwischen verfügbaren Textdaten und dem Einsatz aktueller Verfahren der Digital Humanities fungiert.
Für die Erschließung schwächer strukturierter Daten, die über keine eindeutigen und einheitlichen Indikatoren für die Felder des impliziten Schemas verfügen, wird eine Methode auf Grundlage von Conditional Random Fields (CRF) in Verbindung mit einem Active Learning-Ansatz vorgeschlagen. Die Elemente der verarbeiteten Daten werden anhand der vom CRF erkannten Wahrscheinlichkeiten für die zugeordneten Bezeichner in acht Cluster eingeteilt, woraus den Anwendern Instanzen für eine iterative Erweiterung der Trainingsdaten dargeboten werden. Gleichzeitig können Elemente, deren Bezeichner mit einer hohen Wahrscheinlichkeit vergeben werden, als "richtig" markiert werden, womit sie in den darauffolgenden Iterationen übersprungen werden. Eine Fallstudie zeigt, dass sich die Ergebnisse mit den ersten Iterationen verbessern, während sich die Werte der als »richtig« markierten Elemente nach einigen Iterationen verschlechtern, woraus sich Empfehlungen für die Anwendung von CRFs mit wenigen Trainingsdaten ergeben.
Deutschland ist ein Einwanderungsland, kulturelle Diversität spiegelt sich in vielen Lebensbereichen wider. Im Bereich der Gesundheitsversorgung können kulturell geprägte Erwartungen, Kommunikationsstile und Überzeugungen Behandelnde und Behandelte vor Herausforderungen stellen. Dieses Buch wirft aus Sicht der Gesundheitspsychologie einen Blick auf das Thema Kultur und Gesundheit. In eigenständigen Beiträgen wird dabei thematisiert, welchen Einfluss Kultur auf die Wahrnehmung und Kommunikation von Symptomen, auf Überzeugungen über Krankheitsursachen und auf Risiko- und Schutzfaktoren für Gesundheit haben kann. Es wird dargelegt, wie Migration und Gesundheit im Zusammenhang stehen und welche Aspekte in der Intervention und Prävention in einem Einwanderungsland besondere Aufmerksamkeit erfahren sollten.
This volume presents new approaches in Easy Language research from three different perspectives: text perspective, user perspective and translation perspective. It explores the field of comprehensibility-enhanced varieties at different levels (Easy Language, Plain Language, Easy Language Plus). While all are possible solutions to foster communicative inclusion of people with disabilities, they have varying impacts with regard to their comprehensibility and acceptability. The papers in this volume provide insights into the current scientific activities and results of two research teams at the Universities of Hildesheim and Mainz and present innovative theoretical and empirical perspectives on Easy Language research. The approaches comprise studies on the cognitive processing of Easy Language, on Easy Language in multimodal and multicodal texts and different situational settings as well as translatological considerations on Easy Language translation and interpreting.
Easy Language - Plain Language - Easy Language Plus. Balancing Comprehensibility and Acceptability
(2020)
This book shows how accessible communication, and especially
easy-to-understand languages, should be designed in order to become instruments of inclusion. It examines two well-established easy-to-understand varieties: Easy Language and Plain Language, and shows that they have complementary profiles with respect to four central qualities: comprehensibility, perceptibility, acceptability and stigmatisation potential. The book introduces Easy and Plain Language and provides an outline of their linguistic, sociological and legal profiles: What is the current legal framework of Easy and Plain Language? What do the texts look like? Who are the users? Which other groups are involved in the production and use of Easy and Plain Language offers? Which qualities are a hazard to acceptability and, thus, enhance their stigmatisation potential? The book also proposes another easy-to-understand variety: Easy Language Plus. This variety balances the four qualities and is modelled in the present book.
